Over the hills and far away — @дневники: асоциальная сеть

понедельник, 25 июня 2012

15:13

Танцевальное.

Лишь бы грела любовь да горел родной очаг, да поменьше бы вьюг и дорожных патрулей!

В странном оцепенении подошла я к зеркалу и сделала 20 падебасков. Не останавливаясь. Потом с больной головой вновь села за диплом....

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13:48

О силе прогресса.

Лишь бы грела любовь да горел родной очаг, да поменьше бы вьюг и дорожных патрулей!

Ещё недавно я, не просыпаясь, кричала по ночам. Видимо, что-то страшное снилось. Теперь же я не кричу, зато просыпаюсь, и теперь точно могу сказать - мне снится то мой диплом, то мои же одногруппники, причём не лучшая их часть. Апофеозом идиотизма стало сегодняшнее сновидение, где моя миролюбивая подруга обещала открутить особо мерзким уродам, что они у неё допрыгаются, имеяя в виду то, что она их найдёт и побьёт. Очень-очень больно. А может, покалечит неизлечимо. Проснувшись, я поняла, что, кажется, до сумасшествия рукой подать. А то и, радостно подскакивая часика так в три, ннесусь к ноуту, проверять какую-нибудь фигню или бессмыслицу. До защиты - 10 дней...

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воскресенье, 24 июня 2012

17:13

Лишь бы грела любовь да горел родной очаг, да поменьше бы вьюг и дорожных патрулей!

Димка. Если бы не он, я бы успела сто раз с ума сойти. Как-то мне слишком часто приходится напоминать себе, что у меня госы...

И не забыть про рассказ о превращениях.

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суббота, 23 июня 2012

22:05

Grimm

Лишь бы грела любовь да горел родной очаг, да поменьше бы вьюг и дорожных патрулей!

Сериал крайне похож на Сверхъестественное, на мой взгляд... Он хорош, конечно... Но нельзя так сезон заканчивать!!

Теперь немножко о самом сериале.
Жил-был один полицейский, Ник, и не было у него родителей. Зато была тётя. Очень странная. Однажды нагрянула она к племяннику и начала говорить странное - что всё не то, чем кажется, что рядом существует другой мир с различными монстрами - есть в них человеческая часть и звериная (или около того) сущность. А племянник и сам уж видел не раз потусторонние рожи. Объяснила ему тётя, что его задача - с этими рожами... эм... взаимодействовать. С помощью огня и меча. Однако больше она ему ничего не смогла сказать, и полицейский стал разбираться с этими сущностями как умеет. Неплохо получается, кстати, хоть и очень по-американски.

Несмотря на такое описание, смотреть стоит. Лично я буду ждать второго сезона с нетерпением... Нельзя же заканчивать первый сезон таким количеством вопросов!
А вообще по-настоящему он меня захватил лишь тогда, когда в город, где происходит действие, приехала девушка-рыжехвост. Она потрясающая! На мой взгляд, это самый классный персонаж.

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четверг, 21 июня 2012

09:40

Лишь бы грела любовь да горел родной очаг, да поменьше бы вьюг и дорожных патрулей!

Долблюсь с написанием заключения для диплома... Полезл в интернет, искать, что люди пишут, когда понимают, что их исследование бесполезно, а вывод нужжен чёткий. Первые две ссылки ещё по делу мелькали, а остальные... Ууу. Особенно поразил в самое сердце отчёт туристов из Нижнего Новгорода. Я тооооже хочуууу.....

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среда, 20 июня 2012

16:51

Лишь бы грела любовь да горел родной очаг, да поменьше бы вьюг и дорожных патрулей!

А ещё я, раздолбайка такая, забью сегодня на трудовую деятельность, посмотрю серию Гримма и лягу спать! А трудиться завтра буду.
Всё равно над дипломом не думается, план урока слегка недописан, а обзор журнала по педагогике в общем вде худо-бедно представлен.

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16:33

Лишь бы грела любовь да горел родной очаг, да поменьше бы вьюг и дорожных патрулей!

После внезапной бессонной ночи я не могу состредоточиться ни на дипломе, ни на педагогике... Ыыы. Надо доибть это гхырово заключение и спокойно готовиться к госам.

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вторник, 19 июня 2012

22:01

О светлых пятнах в будущем.

Лишь бы грела любовь да горел родной очаг, да поменьше бы вьюг и дорожных патрулей!

Итак, пришло время говорить о том, что меня когда-ниибудь будет радовать. Иначе я вообще нафиг закисну.
Чего же я хочу:
1. Пошить из серой ткани классное платье и радостно его таскать.
2. Научиться ходить в одолженных туфлях к выпускному
3. Надеяться, что Димка всё же там окажется (а вдруг?)
4. Поехать с палаткой на речку на выходные
5. Побывать в этом году на море. Ну хоть куда-нибудь! Ну хоть ненадолго!
6. Покрасить брови.
7. Разобраться с антуражем, реквизитом и сценариями окончательно

Это всё при условии, что я защищу диплом)

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18:52

Инструкции по общению с научницей

Лишь бы грела любовь да горел родной очаг, да поменьше бы вьюг и дорожных патрулей!

1. Сделать виноватый голос по телефону
2. С покаянным видом зайти в предложенное помещение
3. С умным и виноватым видом кивать в ответ на кучу замечаний
4. Отличать риторические вопросы от нериторических. На риторических можно тяжко вздыхать.
5. Клятвенно заверять, что, конечно же, я всё исправлю!!!

Вообще она у меня вполне и весьма хорошая, просто сложная очень)

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суббота, 16 июня 2012

12:59

Лишь бы грела любовь да горел родной очаг, да поменьше бы вьюг и дорожных патрулей!

Ах да, чего это я...
Это кнопочка на счастье. Вы в неё тык - и будет мне счастье. Чем больше тык, тем счастья больше.)

Вопрос: Счётчик счастья

1. На удачу!	16	(100%)



Всего:	16

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12:05

Лишь бы грела любовь да горел родной очаг, да поменьше бы вьюг и дорожных патрулей!

Немного ниже моей дипломной висит устная тема "Стресс"... Уж очень символично)

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пятница, 15 июня 2012

19:18

Лишь бы грела любовь да горел родной очаг, да поменьше бы вьюг и дорожных патрулей!

Этот несчастный диплом у меня всё время сожрал! И мозг. И покой, и сон. Надо бы валерьянку вёдрами.... Ууу, чувствую себя дураком-дураком. Скажите мне, что всё будет хорошооооо!

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суббота, 09 июня 2012

19:54

На рубеже.

Лишь бы грела любовь да горел родной очаг, да поменьше бы вьюг и дорожных патрулей!

Я вижу одни слова вместо других, у меня устали пальцы от бескончного печатания, глаза болят и слезятся, причём не только от усталости слезятся. Я нервая, стала чаще психовать и испытывать противоречивые желания, вести себя странно, жаловаться на жизнь. Я чувствую себя безумно усталой и надеюсь, что "оно скоро кончится". Я не понимаю, чего от меня хотят люди и реагирую на всё неадекватно.
Однако я чувствую себя совершенно счастливой, несмотря на весь этот бедлам. Всё же это удивительно - что может сделать любящий человек с моим настроением вего лишь за немного времени! Богаче меня нет никого на свете.

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вторник, 29 мая 2012

18:47

Лишь бы грела любовь да горел родной очаг, да поменьше бы вьюг и дорожных патрулей!

Переводчик - это круто. Всегда что-то новое, интересное... Ритм жизни, нос во всех сферах, свободное время... Однако для мня нет и не будет никого лучше детей. Сколько лет с учениками работаю - и не перестаю выносить массу позитива с каждого урока, видя, как они тянутся к знаниям, упорно работают, делают успехи... От лентяйства иногда никуда не денешься, однако всё же даже мой маленький ленивый ребёнок выдаёт чудеса)

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среда, 23 мая 2012

06:25

Лишь бы грела любовь да горел родной очаг, да поменьше бы вьюг и дорожных патрулей!

Копаясь во фразеологизмах для диплома, нашла чудное понятие -Donkey’s years,что значит "целая вечность". Так и тянет написать про бренность существования английских ослов и трудности и лишения на протяжении их долгой жизни.. увы, этого, боюсь, мне не простят.

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вторник, 15 мая 2012

22:41

Языкознание

Лишь бы грела любовь да горел родной очаг, да поменьше бы вьюг и дорожных патрулей!

Конспекты:

1. Грамматика Пор-Рояля
2. Гумбольдт и второй
3. Потебня
4. Соссюр
История:
1 Штейнталь
2. натурализм
3. К Потебне. Слово. Грамматика. Части речи.
Предложение.
4. Малдограмматики.
5. Неолингвистика. Карл Фосслер.

Теория.
1. язык - обществ. явление
2. язык и речь
3. язык и мышление
4. эстетика
5. внутренняя лингвистика
6. язык как система знаков и про Соссюра
7. язык как системы
8. Лексическое значение слова.
9. Предложение. Актуальное членение.
10. Развитие языка.
11. синтаксический уровень языка
12. Взаимодействие языков.
интерференция

Понятия по Соссюру

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воскресенье, 13 мая 2012

20:10

Лишь бы грела любовь да горел родной очаг, да поменьше бы вьюг и дорожных патрулей!

И всё же нет ничего дороже семьи. Какой бы она ни была - изначальной или сложившейся. Сложные люди, сложные отношения... У каждого своя колокольн. У каждого свои мысли, свои чувства. Только одно общее - любовь к остальным членам семьи. Так или иначе, но чувство это - единственное спасение. Иногда мне так кажется, но большую часть жизни я в этом уверена. Мне повезло с семьёй - как с настоящей, тек и со сложившейся. А может, и с той, которой предстоит появиться.

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четверг, 10 мая 2012

09:13

Лишь бы грела любовь да горел родной очаг, да поменьше бы вьюг и дорожных патрулей!

"7. the category of gender"The category of gender is formed by two
oppositions organized hierarchically. The first opposition is general and
opposes human, or person nouns,
distinguishing masculine and feminine gender (man – he, woman – she) and all the other, non-human,
non-person nouns, belonging to the neuter gender (tree, dog – it). The second
opposition is formed by the human nouns only: on the lower level of the
opposition the nouns of masculine gender and of feminine
gender are opposed.

Gender is a constant feature category: it is expressed not through
variable forms of words, but through nounal
classification; each noun belongs to only one of the three genders. In
addition, there is a group of nouns in English which can denote either a
female or a male in different contexts; these nouns can be substituted by
either ‘he’ or ‘she’, e.g.: president, professor, friend, etc. They constitute a separate
group of nouns – the common gender nouns. For
them the category of gender is a
variable feature category.

There are no formal marks to distinguish
the strong and the weak members in either of the gender oppositions. They can
be distinguished semantically: nouns of the neuter gender in the upper level
of the opposition is more abstract compared to masculine and feminine gender
nouns; they are the weak member of the opposition and are naturally used in
the position of neutralization. For example: The girl was a sweet little thing; “What is it over there: a man or just a tree?” On the lower level of
the opposition, masculine gender nouns are the weak member of the opposition
and can be used to denote all human beings irrespective of sex, e.g.: Man must change in the changing
world. When there is no contextual need to specify the sex of the
referent, common gender nouns are also neutrally substituted by the masculine
pronoun, e.g.: Every student
must do his best.
Besides
the cases of neutralization, the most obvious examples of oppositional
reduction in the category of gender are the cases when the weak member of the
opposition, nouns of neuter gender, are used as if they denote female or male
beings, when substituted by the pronouns ‘he’ or ‘she’.
In most cases such use is stylistically colored and is encountered in
emotionally loaded speech. It is known as the stylistic device of personification
and takes place either in some traditionally fixed contexts, e.g.: a vessel – she; or in high-flown
speech, e.g., Britain – she, the sea – she. In fairy-tales and poetic texts weak
creatures are referred to as she,
and strong or evil creature as he,
e.g.: Death is the only freedom I will know. I hear His
black wings beating about me! (Isles)

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среда, 09 мая 2012

21:40

Лишь бы грела любовь да горел родной очаг, да поменьше бы вьюг и дорожных патрулей!

4. "grammar structure"

Grammatical meanings of notional words are rendered by their grammatical forms. For example, the meaning of the plural in English is regularly rendered by the grammatical suffix –(e)s: cats, books, clashes. Grammatical meanings of individual grammatical forms are established as such in paradigmatic correlations: the plural correlates with the singular (cat – cats), the genitive case of the noun correlates with the common case (cat – cat’s), the definite article determination correlates with the indefinite article determination (a cat – the cat), etc.

The generalized meaning rendered by paradigmatically correlated grammatical forms is called “categorial”. Category is a logical notion denoting the reflection of the most general properties of phenomena. Categorial meanings in grammar are expressed by grammatical paradigms. For example, within the system of the English noun the generalized, categorial meaning of “number” is expressed grammatically through the paradigmatic correlation (or, opposition in a paradigm) of two members, of two grammatical forms, each with its own grammatical meaning: the singular (e.g., cat) and the plural (cats).
Thus, the definition of grammatical category is as follows: grammatical category is a system of expressing a generalized categorial meaning by means of
paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms. In other words, it is a unity of a generalized grammatical meaning and the forms of its expression.Paradigmatic correlations, as shown above, are exposed by “oppositions” of grammatical forms - the members of a paradigm. Oppositions are analyzed linguistically with the help of a special method known as “oppositional analysis”. N. S. Trubetzkoy, a member of the Prague Linguistic Circle,
developed it at the turn of the 20^th century for the purposes of phonological research; later it became widely employed in the analysis of
grammatical categories. Opposition members are characterized by two types of features: common features and differential features.
Common features serve as the basis for uniting the grammatical forms within the same paradigm; in the example above, the two forms, cat and cats, are
paradigmatically united as forms of one and the same word, sharing the categorical grammatical meaning of number. Differential features serve to differentiate the members of an opposition; for example, the grammatical form of the plural, cats, has an inflection, or a grammatical suffix, which the form of the singular, cat, has not.

5. "sentence sequences"
Sentences are unified by a certain topic and are organized in speech according to a communicative purpose in a particular communicative situation. The linguistic description of the text is as follows: it is a speech sequence of lingual units interconnected semantically (topically) and syntactically (structurally); in other words, it is a coherent stretch of speech, characterized by semantic and
syntactic unity. Topical (semantic) unity and semantico-syntactic cohesion are the basic differential features (categories) of the text. On the basis of the communicative direction of their component sentences, sentence sequences in speech are divided into monologue sequences and dialogue sequences. In a
monologue, sentences are directed from one interlocutor (participant of communication) to another. In a dialogue, the sentences are directed from one interlocutor to another in turn, to meet one another. Cumulation in sentence sequences may be of two types: prospective (cataphoric) cumulation and retrospective (anaphoric) cumulation. Prospective or cataphoric cumulation presupposes the use of connective elements which relate the sentence in which they are used, to the sentence which follows. Retrospective or anaphoric cumulation presupposes the use of connective elements relating the sentence in which they are used to the one that precedes it. According to the connective means used, cumulation is divided into two types: conjunctive and correlative. Conjunctive cumulation is achieved by
functional or semi-functional conjunction-like words and word combinations. Conjunctive cumulation is always retrospective (anaphoric).
Correlative cumulation is achieved by a pair of elements, one of which, the “succeedent”, refers to the other, the “antecedent”.
Correlative cumulation may be either prospective or retrospective. Correlative cumulation can be divided into substitutional connection and representative connection. Substitutional correlation is based on the use of various substitutes. Representative cumulation is achieved by elements which are
semantically connected without the factor of replacement. Semantic unity and syntactic cohesion are supported by communicative unity of sentences, or theme-rheme arrangement (organization) of the cumuleme. There are two basic types of theme-rheme arrangement of sentences in textual sequences: linear
(progressive) connection and parallel connection of sentences. With linear connection of sentences, the rheme of the leading sentence becomes the theme of the sequential sentence, forming what is known as a theme-rheme chain.

"6. structure of the word

There are two basic types of means with the help of which grammatical forms are built: synthetical and analytical. Synthetical (synthetic) grammatical forms are built by means of the morphemic composition of the word. This includes the morphemic means, which were described in the previous unit: outer inflexion with the help of adding grammatical suffixes to the stems of the words, e.g.: cat - cats; inner inflexion, or vowel interchange inside the root,
e.g.: goose - geese; and suppletivity, when different roots are combined within the same paradigm, e.g.: go – went. Analytical grammatical forms are
built by the combination of the notional word with auxiliary words, e.g.: come - have come. Analytical forms consist of two words which together express one grammatical meaning; in other words, they are grammatically idiomatic: the meaning of the grammatical form is not immediately dependent on the
meanings of its parts. Analytical grammatical forms are intermediary between words and word-combinations. Some analytical forms are closer to a word,
because the two parts are inseparable in their grammatical idiomatism; for example, the forms of the perfect aspect: come
- have come. The components of some other analytical forms are more independent semantically, and they are less idiomatic grammatically; for
example, the degrees of comparison: beautiful - more beautiful – most beautiful. Such combinations of an auxiliary component and a basic component are treated by some linguists as free word-combinations, but as they are correlative members of grammatical paradigms and express some specific grammatical meaning, they should be recognized as analytical grammatical forms too. Some lexical means regularly involved in the expression of common grammatical meanings can also be regarded as marginal cases of suppletivity or specific analytical forms, e.g.: the use of quantifiers with uncountable nouns or repetition groups – a bit of joy, the last two items of news, thousands and thousands, etc.

Analytical grammatical forms are prevalent in English; modern English is an analytical type of language.

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21:19

Лишь бы грела любовь да горел родной очаг, да поменьше бы вьюг и дорожных патрулей!

"1.План выражения и план содержания."

Expression Plane a linguistic term used in glossematics and by linguists of various schools to refer to an

organized body of material means that represent linguistic messages. It is opposed to the content plane, which refers to the “world of thought” embodied in language, that is, the organized realm of everything that can be a subject of linguistic communciation. In each plane, glossematics distinguishes between form and substance, dividing language into four spheres, or strata: form of expression, substance of exprеssion, form of content, and substance of content. The form of both planes differs in every language and does not depend on the substance in which the form is manifested. The substance of each plane is defined through the concepts of form (the network of relationships between the elements of a given plane) and material (a certain mass of sounds, other elements, and ideas that is amorphous, and unsegmented but segmentable); the substance is treated as material that has been segmented by form.

The term “expression plane” is usually applied to the realm of sound phenomena, since the oral form of natural language is the chief object of study in linguistic analysis other than glossematics. Glossematic theory, on the other hand, stresses the equality of the phonetic, graphic (in written language), and other substances of expression in which the form of expression may be manifested. The thesis of the isomorphism of linguistic levels is basic to glossematics. At the same time, glossematics regards the levels as not entirely parallel to each other, since in both linguistic planes, along with signifiers and the signified, there exist elements that cannot be correlated in a monosemantic way with entities of the opposite plane. This is precisely what justifies the division of natural language into an expression plane and a content plane; for other semiotic systems, whose inventory does not include nonsign units, such a division is unnecessary.

The 2 planes are inseparably connected, so that no meaning can be realized without some material means of exprеssion. On the other hand the correspondence between the planes of content and expression is very complex. This complexity is clearly illustrated by the phenomena of polysemy, homonymy and synonymy.

In case of polysemy& homonymy two or more units of plane of contentcorrespond to one unit of plane of expression. In case of synonymy two or more plane of expression correlate to one plane of content.

Lingual units stand to one another in two fundamental types of relations: syntagmatic and paradigmatic. Syntagmatic relations are linear relations between units in a segmental sequence. Morphemes with in the words are connected syntagmatically.

Sintagma it’s a combination of 2 words. There are 4 main types of notional syntagmas:

predicative (subject & predicate)
objective (verb & it’s object)
attributive (noun & it’s attribute)
adverbial (modified notional words as a verb, adjective or adverb with it’s adverbial modifiers.

The other type of relations is called paradigmatic. They exist between elements of the system outside the strings where they co-occur.

"6 levels"The segmental units of language form a hierarchy of levels. This hierarchy is of a kind that units of any higher level are analyzable into units of the immediately lower level. Thus, morphemes are decomposed into phonemes, words are decomposed into morphemes, phrases are decomposed into words, etc.
The lowest level of lingual segments is phonemic: it is formed by phonemes as the material elements of the higher -level segments. The phoneme has no meaning, its function is purely differential: it differentiates morphemes and words as material bodies. Since the phoneme has no meaning, it is not a sign.

Phonemes are combined into syllables. The syllable, a rhythmic segmental group of phonemes, is not a sign, either; it has a purely formal significance. Due to this fact, it could hardly stand to reason to recognise in language a separate syllabic level; rather, the syllables should be considered in the light of the intra-level combinability properties of phonemes.

Phonemes are represented by letters in writing. Since the letter has a representative status, it is a sign, though different in principle from the level-forming signs of language.
Units of all the higher levels of language are meaningful; they may be called "signemes" as opposed to phonemes (and letters as phoneme-representatives).
The level located above the phonemic one is the morphemic level. The morpheme is the elementary meaningful part of the word. It is built up by phonemes, so that the shortest morphemes include only one phoneme.

The morpheme expresses abstract, "significative" meanings which are used as constituents for the formation of more concrete, "nominative" meanings of words.
The third level in the segmental lingual hierarchy is the level of words, or lexemic level.
The word, as different from the morpheme, is a directly naming (nominative) unit of language: it names things and their relations. Since words are built up by morphemes, the shortest words consist of one explicit morpheme only.

The next higher level is the level of phrases (word-groups), or phrasemic level.
To level-forming phrase types belong combinations of two or more notional words. These combinations, like separate words, have a nominative function, but they represent the referent of nomination as a complicated phenomenon, be it a concrete thing, an action, a quality, or a whole situation. Cf., respectively: a picturesque village; to start with a jerk; extremely difficult; the unexpected arrival of the chief.

This kind of nomination can be called "polynomination", as different from "mononomination" effected by separate words.

Notional phrases may be of a stable type and of a free type. The stable phrases (phraseological units) form the phraseological part of the lexicon, and are studied by the phraseological division of lexicology. Free phrases are built up in the process of speech on the existing productive models, and are studied in the lower division of
syntax. The grammatical description of phrases is sometimes called "smaller syntax", in distinction to "larger syntax" studying the sentence and its textual connections.

Above the phrasemic level lies the level of sentences, or "proposemic" level.
The peculiar character of the sentence ("proposeme" as a signemic unit of language consists in the fact that, naming a certain situation, or situational event, it expresses predication, i.e. shows the relation of the denoted event to reality. Namely. it shows whether this event is real or unreal, desirable or obligatory, stated as a truth or asked about, etc. In this sense, as different from the word and the phrase, the sentence is a predicative unit.
The sentence is produced by the speaker in the process of speech as a concrete, situationally bound utterance. At the same time it enters the system of language by its syntactic pattern which, as all the other lingual unit-types, has both syntagmatic and paradigmatic characteristics.

But the sentence is not the highest unit of language in the hierarchy of levels. Above the proposemic level there is still another one, namely, the level of sentence-groups, "supra-sentential constructions". For the sake of unified terminology, this level can be called "supraproposemic".

The supra-sentential construction is a combination of separate sentences forming a textual unity. Such combinations are subject to regular lingual patterning making them into syntactic elements. The syntactic process by which sentences are connected into textual unities is analysed under the heading of "cumulation". Cumulation, the same as formation of composite sentences, can be both syndetic and asyndetic.

We have surveyed six levels of language, each identified by its own functional type of segmental units. If now we carefully observe the functional status of the level-forming segments, we can distinguish between them more self-sufficient and less self-sufficient types, the latter being defined only in relation to the functions of other level units. Indeed, the phonemic, lexemic and proposemic levels are most strictly and exhaustively identified from the functional point of view: the function of the phoneme is differential, the function of the word is nominative, the function of the sentence is predicative. As different from these, morphemes are identified only as significative components of words, phrases present poly-nominative combinations of words, and supra-sentential constructions mark the transition from the sentence to the text.Furthermore, bearing in mind that the phonemic level forms the subfoundation of language, i.e. the non-meaningful matter of meaningful expressive means, the two notions of grammatical description shall be pointed out as central even within the framework of the structural hierarchy of language: these are, first, the notion of the word and, second, the notion of the sentence. The first is analysed by morphology, which is the grammatical teaching of the word; the second is analysed by syntax, which is the grammatical teaching of the sentence.

"morpheme"

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